元朝四大汗国元朝为什么被汉人灭了

【元史管窥·大蒙古国与四大汗国（5）】窝阔台汗国（约1225年—1309年）：为成吉思汗第三子窝阔台创立。其统治区域最初在乃蛮故地（今阿尔泰山南麓及中亚部分地区），后来扩展到蒙古高原西部和中亚一带。窝阔台（1186年-1241年）曾是蒙古帝国大汗（1229年—1241年在位），其汗国为大汗直辖领地之外的封地。但由于窝阔台系与拖雷（1193-1232年）系之间的皇室派系的权力斗争，窝阔台汗国在14世纪初被元朝和察合台汗国瓜分，存在时间较短。The Mongol Empire and the Four Great Khanates (5) The Ogedei Khanate (1225–1309): Established by Ogedei, the third son of Genghis Khan. It initially ruled over the former Naiman territory (present-day southern Altai Mountains and parts of Central Asia), later expanding to encompass the western Mongolian Plateau and Central Asia. Ogedei (1186–1241), who served as Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (reigned from 1229 to 1241), saw his khanate established as a fiefdom outside the Great Khan's direct jurisdiction. However, due to succession conflicts and power struggles between the Ogedei and Tolui (1193–1232) royal factions, the Ogedei Khanate was partitioned by the Yuan Dynasty and Chagatai Khanate in 1309 (the early 14th century), hence its relatively short existence.

【元史管窥·大蒙古国与四大汗国（1）】大蒙古国（1206年—1271年）为成吉思汗统一蒙古各部落后建立的政权。随着蒙古帝国的扩张和汗位争夺，其统治区域形成了主体的元朝和在不同的时间线中形成多个相对独立的汗国。其中钦察汗国（金帐汗国）、察合台汗国、窝阔台汗国和伊利汗国（伊儿汗国），为通常所说的是蒙古四大汗国。其它还有一些如术赤(1177-1227)长子斡尔答（拔都之兄）的白帐汗国、术赤第五子昔班（卒于1246年）的蓝帐汗国和14世纪后期衍生的帖木儿帝国等。The Mongol Empire and the Four Major Khanates (1) The Mongol Empire (1206–1271) was established by Genghis Khan after he unified the various Mongol tribes. As the empire expanded and power struggles for the khanate throne intensified after Genghis Khan's death, its territory evolved into the Yuan Dynasty (as the central regime) and several relatively independent khanates, which were established at different stages. The so-called "Four Major Khanates" typically refer to the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ogedei Khanate, and the Ilkhanate. Other notable khanates include the White Horde, established by Orda (Batu's brother, the eldest son of Jochi, 1177–1227), the Blue Horde, established by Shibani (the fifth son of Jochi, who died in 1246), and the Timurid Empire that emerged in the late 14th century.

【元史管窥·蒙古帝国与四大汗国（1）】大蒙古国（1206年—1271年）为成吉思汗统一蒙古各部落后建立的政权。随着蒙古帝国的扩张和汗位争夺，其统治区域形成了主体的元朝和在不同的时间线中形成多个相对独立的汗国。其中钦察汗国（金帐汗国）、察合台汗国、窝阔台汗国和伊利汗国（伊儿汗国），为通常所说的是蒙古四大汗国。其它还有一些如术赤(1177-1227)长子斡尔答（拔都之兄）的白帐汗国、术赤第五子昔班（卒于1246年）的蓝帐汗国和14世纪后期衍生的帖木儿帝国等。The Mongol Empire and the Four Great Khanates (1) The Mongol Empire (1206–1271) was established by Genghis Khan after he unified the various Mongol tribes. As the empire expanded and power struggles for the khanate throne intensified after Genghis Khan's death, its territory evolved into the Yuan Dynasty (as the central regime) and several relatively independent khanates, which were established at different stages. The so-called "Four Major Khanates" typically refer to the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ogedei Khanate, and the Ilkhanate. Other notable khanates include the White Horde, established by Orda (Batu's brother, the eldest son of Jochi, 1177–1227), the Blue Horde, established by Shibani (the fifth son of Jochi, who died in 1246), and the Timurid Empire that emerged in the late 14th century.

【元史管窥·蒙古帝国与四大汗国（2）】四大汗国和其它汗国是成吉思汗后裔于13 世纪中、后期，在外征内争中逐渐形成的相对独立的政治实体。其受蒙古大汗和随后的元朝皇帝名义上的宗主权管辖。这些汗国在政治、军事和文化上与元朝（蒙古帝国本部）有着密切联系，但在后期逐渐走向独立。一些小汗国的影响力和规模虽不及四大汗国，但也是蒙古帝国分封体系的一部分。帖木儿（1336—1405）在西察合台汗国基础上建立帖木儿帝国（1370—1507），统治中亚、波斯及印度北部。帖木儿为突厥化的蒙古人，虽非蒙古直系宗王建立，但属于蒙古帝国分裂后的衍生势力。The Mongol Empire and the Four Great Khanates ( 2) The Four Great Khanates and other subsidiary khanates were relatively independent political entities gradually formed by the successors of Genghis Khan in the middle and late 13th century during their external expeditions and internal strife. They were nominally under the suzerainty of the Mongol Great Khan and subsequent Yuan emperors. These khanates had close political, military, and cultural ties with the Yuan dynasty (the core territory of the Mongol Empire) but gradually became independent in the later period. Some smaller khanates, though not as influential or large as the Four Great Khanates, were also part of the Mongol Empire's feudal system. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507) was established by Timur (1336–1405) on the basis of the western Chaghadai khanate, emerging after the khanate's fragmentation. It ruled Central Asia, Persia, and northern India. Although Timur was a Turkified Mongol and his empire was not established by a direct Mongol prince, it was still a derivative force of the divided Mongol Empire.

历史上蒙古“四大汗国”是被谁灭亡的一览一:察合台汗国，1680年亡于准格尔汗国；二:金帐汗国，1502年亡于莫斯科大公国；三:窝阔台汗国，亡于1309年被元朝和察合台汗国瓜分；四:伊利汗国，1355年亡于金帐汗国。

清朝时期的中国地图

大元更搞笑了，忽必烈带着一帮汉人，以自己对蒙古草原对熟悉程度，直捣大蒙古国首都哈拉和林，还一把火烧了这个首都…这就是他们想复制的？

在草原上野炊，打开蒸罐，取出羊肉羊排和土豆胡萝卜，蘸着野韭菜花，感谢大自然的馈赠，就一个字:香。看到很多人私信问:蒙古人怎么看待忽必烈，蒙古人对忽必烈最大争议:其汗位正统性、汉化政策及对草原传统的背离。忽必烈夺取汗位四大汗国是不认可的，蒙古人对他不认可，忽必烈开始更加重用刘秉忠、姚枢等汉臣，实施仁政、兴修水利等政策，更重视汉地中原治理，元朝的管理模式转变成汉化管理。甚至迁都汉地大都（北京）这些也被蒙古保守派斥为“重南轻北”“重文轻武”。现在你在内蒙看蒙古族家庭挂画像一般挂两张成吉思汗和忽必烈，但外蒙清一色只有成吉思汗，就算能看到其他人画像也是察合台或窝阔台的，托雷家族（托雷、蒙哥、忽必烈）在蒙古国是不太受待见，一些蒙古史学家甚至认为蒙古帝国的分裂始于忽必烈夺权，忽必烈是罪魁祸首。所以国内总讨论蒙国帝国和元朝到底算不算中国历史。我个人觉得蒙古帝国不太能算，但已经融入汉化始于忽必烈的元朝绝对算。#蒙古旅行# 蒙古·哈拉和林 -郑越-的微博视频

《现汉》“龟兹”条：“古代西域国名，在今新疆库车一带。”

【龟兹之名源流】学习中国历史绕不开龟兹。龟兹qiūcí古国以今新疆库车为中心，天山和塔克拉玛干沙漠之间，包括库车、拜城、新和、沙雅、轮台县一带。在古丝绸之路上，龟兹地位很重要，季羡林先生说这里是古印度、希腊-罗马、波斯、汉唐四大文明的交汇处。当时去龟兹，人们费尽周折穿过大沙漠，看到这片绿洲后，纷纷载歌载舞。所以有佛教徒来到这里，就以“爱歌舞的人”来记载这个地方，梵文写作Kucina，汉译即“龟兹”。不过，面对汉朝和匈奴二强，龟兹为了生存，时而归匈奴，时而归汉。到唐朝时龟兹归附唐王朝，成为安西都护府四个重镇之一。据记载，晚唐北宋时，回鹘汗国灭亡后，大量回鹘人西迁进入龟兹地区，后来建立了喀喇汗王朝。为了使当地居民忘记自己是龟兹人，避免以后闹事，就给龟兹起了新的名字。在北宋时回鹘人编著的《突厥语大词典》中，龟兹被回鹘文称为Kusan，汉译后就变成了“库车”。例如在元朝，龟兹就被音译成汉文“苦先”“苦叉”或“苦扯”。到清朝，朝廷正式采用“库车”作地名，一直沿用至今。

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元朝四大汗国元朝为什么被汉人灭了